German Word for All Mediums for a Type of Art

"total artwork" making apply of many or all art forms

Stairway of the Hôtel Tassel, an early example of Gesamtkunstwerk.

A Gesamtkunstwerk (German: [gəˈzamtˌkʊnstvɛɐk], literally "full artwork", frequently translated every bit "full work of art",^[one] "ideal work of fine art",^[2] "universal artwork",^[three] "synthesis of the arts", "comprehensive artwork", or "all-embracing art grade") is a work of art that makes employ of all or many art forms or strives to do so. The term is a German loanword accepted in English language as a term in aesthetics.

Background [edit]

The term was adult by the German language writer and philosopher K. F. E. Trahndorff in an essay in 1827.^[4] The German opera composer Richard Wagner used the term in two 1849 essays, and the give-and-take has become particularly associated with his artful ethics.^[5] Information technology is unclear whether Wagner knew of Trahndorff'southward essay.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the 20th century, some writers practical the term to some forms of architecture, while others practical information technology to film and mass media.^[vi]

In opera [edit]

Before Wagner [edit]

Some elements of opera, seeking a more "classical" formula, had begun at the terminate of the 18th century. After the lengthy domination of opera seria, and the da capo aria, a motility began to accelerate the librettist and the composer in relation to the singers, and to return the drama to a more intense and less moralistic focus. This movement, "reform opera" is primarily associated with Christoph Willibald Gluck and Ranieri de' Calzabigi. The themes in the operas produced by Gluck's collaborations with Calzabigi continue throughout the operas of Carl Maria von Weber, until Wagner, rejecting both the Italian bel canto tradition and the French "spectacle opera", developed his union of music, drama, theatrical effects, and occasionally dance.^{[ citation needed ]}

Still these trends had adult fortuitously, rather than in response to a specific philosophy of art; Wagner, who recognised the reforms of Gluck and admired the works of Weber, wished to consolidate his view, originally, as part of his radical social and political views of the late 1840s. Previous to Wagner, others who had expressed ideas nigh spousal relationship of the arts, which was a familiar topic amidst German Romantics, as evidenced by the title of Trahndorff's essay, in which the word beginning occurred, "Aesthetics, or Theory of Philosophy of Art". Others who wrote on syntheses of the arts included Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Ludwig Tieck and Novalis.^[vii] Carl Maria von Weber's enthusiastic review of East.T.A. Hoffmann'southward opera Undine (1816) admired it as 'an art work complete in itself, in which fractional contributions of the related and collaborating arts blend together, disappear, and, in disappearing, somehow course a new world'.^[8]

Wagner'south ideas [edit]

Wagner used the exact term 'Gesamtkunstwerk' (which he spelt 'Gesammtkunstwerk') on simply 2 occasions, in his 1849 essays "Art and Revolution" and "The Artwork of the Hereafter",^[9] where he speaks of his ideal of unifying all works of fine art via the theatre.^[10] He also used in these essays many like expressions such as 'the consummate artwork of the hereafter' and 'the integrated drama', and frequently referred to 'Gesamtkunst'.^[vii] Such a piece of work of art was to exist the clearest and most profound expression of folk legend.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Wagner felt that the Greek tragedies of Aeschylus had been the finest (though still flawed) examples then far of total artistic synthesis, but that this synthesis had afterwards been corrupted past Euripides. Wagner felt that during the rest of human history up to the present mean solar day (i.due east. 1850) the arts had drifted further and farther apart, resulting in such "monstrosities" as Grand Opera. Wagner felt that such works historic bravura singing, sensational stage effects, and meaningless plots. In "Art and Revolution", Wagner applies the term 'Gesamtkunstwerk' in the context of Greek tragedy. In "The Art-Work of the Futurity", he uses information technology to utilize to his ain, every bit yet unrealized, ideal.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In his all-encompassing book Opera and Drama (completed in 1851), Wagner takes these ideas further, describing in detail his idea of the union of opera and drama (later called music drama despite Wagner's disapproval of the term), in which the individual arts are subordinated to a common purpose.^{[ citation needed ]}

Wagner's ain opera bicycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, specifically its components Das Rheingold and Dice Walküre, represent peradventure the closest he, or anyone else, came to realizing these ideals.^[11] Afterwards this phase, Wagner came to relax his own strictures and write more than conventionally 'operatically'.^[12]

Craft motion [edit]

William Morris (1834–1896), a British cloth designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist, was associated with the British Arts and crafts movement, largely influenced by the ideas of John Ruskin, who believed that industrialization led to a qualitative turn down in artistically crafted goods. For him, a home must nurture harmony besides as infuse its inhabitants with a creative energy.

"Have nothing in your houses that you exercise not know to be useful, or believe to be cute" is the famous quote of William Morris that epitomized his own fashion of living of Gesamtkunstwerk.

Morris' and Philip Webb's Ruddy Firm, designed in 1859, is a major example, as well as the Blackwell House in the English Lake Commune, designed by Baillie Scott. Blackwell House was congenital in 1898–1900, as a vacation domicile for Sir Edward Holt, a wealthy Manchester brewer. It is situated almost the boondocks of Bowness-on-Windermere with views looking over Windermere and across to the Coniston Fells.^{[ citation needed ]}

In architecture [edit]

Stoclet Palace, 1905–1911.

Some architectural writers have used the term Gesamtkunstwerk to signify circumstances where an architect is responsible for the design and/or overseeing of the edifice'southward totality: crush, accessories, furnishings, and landscape.^[13] It is difficult to make a claim for when the notion of the Gesamtkunstwerk was showtime employed from the point of view of a building and its contents (although the term itself was not used in this context until the belatedly 20th century); already during the Renaissance, artists such as Michelangelo saw no strict division in their tasks between architecture, interior design, sculpture, painting and even engineering.^{[ citation needed ]}

Historian Robert L. Delevoy has argued that Art Nouveau represented an essentially decorative trend that thus lent itself to the idea of the architectural Gesamtkunstwerk. Of course, it is as possible it was built-in from social theories that arose out of a fear of the rise of industrialism.^[14]

Nonetheless, evidence of complete interiors that typify the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk can be seen from some time before the 1890s. An increasing trend among architects in the 18th and 19th centuries was to control every facet of an architectural committee. As well equally being responsible for the structure itself, they tried to extend their role to likewise include designing (or at least vetting) every attribute of the interior work. This included not only the interior architectural features but also the design^[15] of piece of furniture, carpets, wallpaper, fabrics, light fixtures, and door-handles. Robert Adam and Augustus Welby Pugin are examples of this tendency to create an overall harmonising result which in some cases might even extend to the choice or design of table argent, cathay, and glassware.^{[ citation needed ]}

Fine art Nouveau [edit]

Gesamtkunstwerk was typical for Art Nouveau artists. Belgians Victor Horta and Henry Van de Velde, Catalan Antoni Gaudí, French Hector Guimard, Scottish Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Austrian Josef Hoffmann, Russian German Franz (Fyodor) Schechtel, Finn Eliel Saarinen, and many other architects also acted as furniture and interior designers. Also, many of Art Nouveau masterpieces were results of cooperation of artists of different fields:

• Villa Majorelle (1901–1902) in Nancy, France was created by builder Henri Sauvage, furniture designer Louis Majorelle, ceramist Alexandre Bigot, and stained glass creative person Jacques Grüber,
• The Municipal House (1904–1912) in Prague, Czechia was designed by Osvald Polívka and Antonín Balšánek, painted by famous Czech painter Alphonse Mucha and features sculptures of Josef Mařatka and Ladislav Šaloun,
• The Gresham Palace (1904–1906) in Budapest, Hungary is was created by architects by Zsigmond Quittner and Jozsef Vago, sculptors Géza Maróti, Miklós Ligeti, and Ede Telcs, stained glass artist Miksa Róth and metalwork artist Gyula Jungfer.
• Works of Victor Horta^[16]
  • Hôtel Tassel,^[17] Hôtel Solvay,^[18] and Hôtel van Eetvelde^[17] were created in cooperation with stained drinking glass master Raphaël Évaldre,
  • Maison and Atelier Horta was created in cooperation with sculptor Pieter Braecke^[19]
• Works of Lluís Domènech i Montaner:^[twenty] Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau in Barcelona
  • sculptors Pablo Gargallo, Eusebi Arnau, and mosaic master Mario Maragliano took part in both projects,
  • sculptor Miguel Blay, stained glass principal Antoni Rigalt, ceramist Lluis Brù i Salelles were involved in construction of Palau de la Música Catalana,
  • metalwork artist Josep Perpinyà was involved in construction of Hospital de Sant Pau,
• Works of Antoni Gaudí:^[21] Park Güell, Palau Güell, Sagrada Família, Casa Batlló, Casa Milá, Casa Vicens in Barcelona; Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló)
  • mosaic master Mario Maragliano was involved in construction of Sagrada Família,
  • architect Francesc Berenguer i Mestres was involved in structure of Sagrada Família and Colònia Güell,^[22]
  • builder Joan Rubió was involved in construction of La Sagrada Familia, Casa Batlló, and Parc Güell,
  • artist of many genres Josep Maria Jujol helped Gaudí with Casa Batlló, Casa Milà, and Park Güell.
• Stoclet Palace in Brussels^[23] was created past builder and designer Josef Hoffmann, painters Gustav Klimt, Fernand Khnopff, sculptor Franz Metzner, and mosaic master Leopold Forstner.^[24] The structure of the palace foreshadowed Fine art Deco and the Modern architecture.^[23]

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• 

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Museum Villa Stuck is the piece of work of artist Franz von Stuck and "was celebrated equally a marvelously modern however curious construction. Built along his guiding principle of the "Gesamtkunstwerk" the Villa Stuck combined all aspects of compages, fine art, music, theatre, and life inside its walls and garden".^[25]

In Switzerland, Bruno Weber Park, a sculpture garden by artist Bruno Weber, is a later example of an Art Nouveau piece inspired by Gesamtkunstwerk.^[26]

Kirche am Steinhof (or the Church of St. Leopold), designed by the architect Otto Wagner, is the Roman Catholic oratory of the Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital in Vienna, Austria. The building is considered one of the most important Art Nouveau churches in the earth. Defended to Saint Leopold, information technology was built between 1903 and 1907, and includes Mosaics and stained glass past Koloman Moser, and sculptural Angels by Othmar Schimkowitz. The corking majority of the other smaller details are the work of Otto Wagner himself. The statues on the ii external towers correspond Saint Leopold and Saint Severin (l. & r. respectively: they are the two patron saints of Lower Austria) and are the work of the Viennese sculptor Richard Luksch.^{[ citation needed ]}

Modernism [edit]

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The architectural movement of Modernism also saw architects implementing this principle of Gesamtkunstwerk. Eye Le Corbusier is an example by famed Modernist architect Le Corbusier.^[27] The Villa Cavrois mansion in France is another example of modernist Gesamtkunstwerk, designed by French architect Robert Mallet-Stevens.

In art [edit]

Hanover Merzbau, a mixed media installation by Dadaist Kurt Schwitters in his apartment, Hanover, 1933

The multi-media manner pioneered by Dadaists such every bit Hugo Brawl has too been chosen a Gesamtkunstwerk.^[28] 'Towards the Merz Gesamtkunstwerk' was a Academy of Oregon graduate seminar that explored themes of Dadaism and Gesamtkunstwerk, specially Kurt Schwitter's legendary Merzbau.^[29] They cite Richard Huelsenbeck in his German Dada Manifesto: "Life appears as a simultaneous confusion of noises, colours and spiritual rhythms, and is thus incorporated — with all the sensational screams and feverish excitements of its audacious everyday psyche and the entirety of its savage reality — unwaveringly into Dadaist fine art".^{[30] [31]}

In 2011, Saatchi Gallery in London held Gesamtkunstwerk: New Art from Germany, a survey exhibition of 24 contemporary German language artists. ^[32]

An exhibition entitled Utopia Gesamtkunstwerk, curated past Bettina Steinbrügge and Harald Krejci, took place from Jan to May 2012 at the 21er Haus in Belvedere, Vienna. "A contemporary perspective of the historical thought of the total work of art" was presented and included a "brandish" past Esther Stocker which was based on the idea of "the untidy nursery",^[33] information technology housed works by Joseph Beuys, Monica Bonvicini, Christian Boltanski, Marcel Broodthaers, Daniel Buren, Heinz Emigholz, Valie Export, Claire Fontaine, gelatin, Isa Genzken, Liam Gillick, Thomas Hirschhorn, Ilya Kabakov, Martin Kippenberger, Gordon Matta-Clark, Paul McCarthy, Superflex, Franz West, and numerous others.^[34] There was an accompanying volume produced with the aforementioned name exploring the topic.^[35]

Many reviews have characterized the contemporary art exhibition the ninth Berlin Biennale as a gesamtkunstwerk.^{[36] [37] [38] [39]}

In 2017, prominent visual artists Shirin Neshat and William Kentridge directed operas at the Salzburg Festival.^[40]

Other applications [edit]

The Cosmic Mass has been cited as an example of a Gesamtkunstwerk, and if such a correlation is deemed valid and so ane could rightly consider diverse liturgical expressions to exist similar examples.^[41]

The Full Art of Stalinism: Advanced, Artful Dictatorship, and Beyond is a 2011 volume by Boris Groys which explores the comprehensive aesthetic reorganization of lodge in the USSR nether Stalin'due south totalitarianism.^[42]

Canadian evolution corporation Westbank, founded past Ian Gillespie, uses Gesamtkunstwerk equally the founding idea behind the visitor's vision and philosophy for urban development.^{[43] [xv]}

Performer, video producer, "safety fan and bureaucratic wunderkind"^[44] Brian David Gilbert of the video game website Polygon cited the platonic of Gesamtkunstwerk every bit an inspiration in foundational technique in his rendition of the PokéRAP.^{[45] [46]}

References [edit]

1. ^ Millington (due north.d.), Warrack (n.d.)
2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, Gesamtkunstwerk
3. ^ ArtLex Art Dictionary Archived fourteen August 2016 at the Wayback Motorcar
4. ^ Trahndorff (1827), Ästhetik oder Lehre von Weltanschauung und Kunst
5. ^ Wolfman, Ursula Rehn (12 March 2013). "Richard Wagner's Concept of the 'Gesamtkunstwerk'". Interlude . Retrieved 8 May 2016.
6. ^ For discussions of compages as Gesamtkunstwerk, run into the relevant section of this article. For discussions of film and mass media, see for instance Matthew Wilson Smith, The Total Work of Fine art: From Bayreuth to Internet. New York: Routledge, 2007; Carolyn Birdsall, Nazi Soundscapes: Sound, Technology, and Urban Space in Germany, 1933–1945. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Printing, 2012. pp. 141–72; and Jeongwon Joe, "Introduction: Why Wagner and Cinema? Tolkien Was Wrong." In Wagner and Picture palace, edited by Jeongwon Joe and Sander 50. Gilman, i–26. Indiana: Indiana University Printing, 2010.
7. ^ ^{a b} Millington (n.d.)
8. ^ Strunk, Oliver (1965). Source Readings in Music History: The Romantic Era. New York. p. 63. Archived from the original on 2 May 2005. Retrieved ten May 2008.
9. ^ Wagner (1993), p. 35, where the word is translated as 'great united work'; p. 52 where information technology is translated every bit 'not bad unitarian Fine art-work'; and p. 88 (twice) where information technology is translated equally 'great united Art-piece of work'.
10. ^ Warrack (n.d.), Gesamtkunstwerk is incorrect in saying that Wagner used the word only in "The Artwork of the Future"
11. ^ Grey (2008) 86
12. ^ Millington (1992) 294–95
13. ^ Michael A. Vidalis, "Gesamtkunstwerk – 'full piece of work of art'", Architectural Review, 30 June 2010.
14. ^ Robert L. Delevoy, 'Art Nouveau', in Encyclopaedia of Modernistic Architecture. Thames & Hudson, 1977.
15. ^ ^{a b} "Abode". GESAMTKUNSTWERK . Retrieved 28 December 2017.
16. ^ "Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels)". UNESCO Earth Heritage Eye.
17. ^ ^{a b} Ouvrage collectif sous la direction de Philippe Roberts-Jones, Bruxelles fin de siècle, Flammarion, 1994, p.182
18. ^ Schoonbroodt, B, Art Nouveau Kunstenaars in Belgie, 2008: p. 196
19. ^ Metdepenninghen, Catheline; Celis, Marcel 1000. (2010). Pieter Braecke, beeldhouwer 1858–1938. Als de ziele luistert (in Dutch). Agentschap erfgoed van de Vlaamse Overheid. p. 56. ISBN9789040302947.
20. ^ "Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona". UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved twenty November 2020.
21. ^ "Works of Antoni Gaudí". UNESCO Globe Heritage Center . Retrieved 20 Nov 2020.
22. ^ [ane] Cèsar Martinell. Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2007
23. ^ ^{a b} "Stoclet House". UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved xx November 2020.
24. ^ "Palais Stoclet ist Weltkulturerbe". OE24. 27 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
25. ^ "Museum Villa Stuck". Bureau Borsche . Retrieved 28 November 2019.
26. ^ "Bruno Weber Park". Gardens of Switzerland . Retrieved 20 November 2020.
27. ^ Molloy, Jonathan C. (24 January 2013). "AD Classics: Centre Le Corbusier (Heidi Weber Museum) / Le Corbusier". ArchDaily . Retrieved 20 November 2020.
28. ^ John Elderfield, "Introduction"; Flight out of Fourth dimension by Hugo Ball; University of California Press, 1996; xiii–xlvi.
29. ^ "About · Towards the Merz Gesamtkunstwerk". digitalarthistory607.omeka.net . Retrieved 28 Nov 2019.
30. ^ "DADA Manifesto Berlin Apr 1918 (Huelsenbeck)". Colloquium Urbanités Littéraires . Retrieved 28 November 2019.
31. ^ "Exhibition Introduction". Towards the Merz Gesamtkunstwerk . Retrieved 28 November 2019.
32. ^ Michael, Apphia (17 November 2011). "'Gesamtkunstwerk' show at Saatchi Gallery, London". Wallpaper* . Retrieved 27 November 2019.
33. ^ "Utopie Gesamtkunstwerk / Utopia Gesamtkunstwerk". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved xx November 2020.
34. ^ "Utopie Gesamtkunstwerk". Belvedere . Retrieved 27 Nov 2019.
35. ^ Utopia Gesamtkunstwerk. Krejci, Harald., Husslein-Arco, Agnes., Steinbrügge, Bettina., 21er Haus (Österreichische Galerie Belvedere). Köln: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König. 2012. ISBN978-3-86335-140-3. OCLC 785864884. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
36. ^ "Drag Race". Artforum. 12 June 2016.
37. ^ Smith, William Southward. (1 September 2016). "Biennials: Mixed Messages". Fine art in America. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
38. ^ Malick, Courtney (July 2016). "9th Berline Biennale: The Nowadays in Elevate". Art Papers. Archived from the original on 23 Feb 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
39. ^ Bock, Stefan (18 August 2016). "The Present in Elevate". der Freitag.
40. ^ "The Return of the Gesamtkunstwerk? Why Artists Are Flocking to the Opera House". artnet News. 23 Baronial 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
41. ^ Nancy Pedri and Laurence Petit (Editors), Picturing the Language of Images; Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013; pp. 360, 365.
42. ^ Groĭs, Boris. The total art of Stalinism : avant-garde, aesthetic dictatorship, and across. ISBN978-1-78168-972-1. OCLC 1052165084.
43. ^ Perkins, Martha (xx March 2014). "Vancouver House introduces gwerk to the globe". Vancouver Courier.
44. ^ Smash Bros. owes millions of dollars in OSHA violations | Unraveled , retrieved 23 December 2019
45. ^ Polygon (vii April 2019), The Perfect PokéRap | Unraveled Live at PAX East 2019 , retrieved 8 Apr 2019
46. ^ Twin Galaxies (8 April 2019), Polygon's Brian David Gilbert Creates the Perfect Pokemon Rap

Bibliography [edit]

• Bergande, Wolfram: "The creative destruction of the total work of fine art. From Hegel to Wagner and across", in: Ruhl (Ed.): The decease and life of the full work of art, Berlin: Jovis, 2014
• Finger, Anke and Danielle Follett (eds.) (2011) The Aesthetics of the Total Artwork: On Borders and Fragments, The Johns Hopkins University Press
• Grey, Thomas Southward. (ed.) (2008) The Cambridge Companion to Wagner, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64439-6
• Koss, Juliet (2010) Modernism After Wagner, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 978-0-8166-5159-7
• Krejci, Harald, Agnes Arco, and Bettina Steinbrügge. Utopia Gesamtkunstwerk. Köln: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2012. ISBN 9783863351403
• Millington, Barry (ed.) (1992) The Wagner Compendium: A Guide to Wagner's Life and Music. Thames and Hudson Ltd., London. ISBN 0-02-871359-ane
• Millington, Barry (northward.d.) "Gesamtkunstwerk", in Oxford Music Online (subscription but) (consulted 15 September 2010)
• Roberts, David (2011) "The Full Work of Art in European Modernism", Cornell Academy Press, Ithaca, NY
• Trahndorff, Karl Friedrich Eusebius (1827) Ästhetik oder Lehre von Weltanschauung und Kunst
• Wagner, Richard (1993), tr. W. Ashton Ellis The Fine art-Work of the Future and Other Works. Lincoln and London, ISBN 0-8032-9752-1
• Warrack, John (n.d.) "Gesamtkunstwerk" in The Oxford Companion to Music online, (subscription only) (consulted 15 September 2019)

External links [edit]

• The dictionary definition of Gesamtkunstwerk at Wiktionary
• Towards the Merz Gesamtkunstwerk – website for a University of Oregon graduate seminar

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk#:~:text=A%20Gesamtkunstwerk%20(German%3A%20%5Bg%C9%99%CB%88zamt%CB%8Ck%CA%8Anstv%C9%9B%C9%90k,or%20strives%20to%20do%20so.

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